Accusative case singular in Russian: direct object and movement (A1-A2)
The accusative is undoubtedly one of the most fascinating cases in Russian. Why? Because it presents a unique feature: its form changes depending on whether the noun designates a living being or an inanimate object! This animate/inanimate distinction, which may seem strange at first, is actually one of the keys to mastering Russian grammar.
In this article, we will explore in depth the accusative singular, its uses, its endings and adjective agreement. With numerous concrete examples, you will quickly understand how to use this grammatical case.
A surprising rule: animate or inanimate?
First of all, you must understand the fundamental distinction that governs the accusative:
For INANIMATE nouns (objects, ideas, concepts)
Masculine: accusative = nominative (no change!)
- дом → дом (the house)
- стол → стол (the table)
- музе́й → музе́й (the museum)
Neuter: accusative = nominative as well
- окно́ → окно́ (the window)
- мо́ре → мо́ре (the sea)
- зда́ние → зда́ние (the building)
For ANIMATE nouns (people, animals)
Masculine: the accusative takes a special ending -а or -я (these endings will be the same as in the genitive case):
- студе́нт → студе́нта (the student)
- врач → врача́ (the doctor)
- учи́тель → учи́теля (the teacher)
- кот → кота́ (the cat)
- медве́дь → медве́дя (the bear)
For feminines (all are treated the same way)
Feminine nouns ALWAYS change in the accusative, whether they are animate or inanimate:
-
Ending -а → -у
- кни́га → кни́гу (the book)
- сестра́ → сестру́ (the sister)
- шко́ла → шко́лу (the school)
-
Ending -я → -ю
- неде́ля → неде́лю (the week)
- исто́рия → исто́рию (history)
-
Ending -ь → -ь (no change)
- дверь → дверь (the door)
Uses of the accusative: when to use it?
1. Direct object
This is the main use of the accusative. When someone does something to someone or something, we use the accusative.
Examples with objects (inanimate):
- Что вы ви́дите? (What do you see?)
- Мы ви́дим дом. (We see a house.)
- Я чита́ю кни́гу. (I read a book.)
- Мы лю́бим му́зыку. (We love music.)
Examples with people or animals (animate):
- Кого́ ты зна́ешь? (Who do you know?)
- Я зна́ю сосе́да. (I know the neighbor.)
- Он ви́дит студе́нта здесь. (He sees the student here.)
- Она́ ви́дит кота́. (She sees the cat.)
Special focus: the verb смо́треть (to watch)
This verb deserves special attention because it works in two ways:
Directly + accusative for shows, films, sports:
- Я смотрю́ фильм. (I watch a film.)
- Мы смо́трим спекта́кль. (We watch a performance.)
- Они́ смо́трят бале́т. (They watch ballet.)
- Ты смо́тришь футбо́л. (You watch football.)
With на + accusative to look towards something or someone:
- Смотри́ на меня́! (Look at me!)
- Я смотрю́ на у́лицу. (I look at the street.)
- Он смо́трит на часы́. (He looks at his watch.)
2. Movement towards a place
The accusative is used with verbs of motion and certain prepositions to indicate destination or direction.
Preposition В + accusative: in, towards the interior
Куда́ ты идёшь? (Where are you going?)
Possible answers:
- Я иду́ в теа́тр. (I’m going to the theater.)
- Я иду́ в шко́лу. (I’m going to school.)
- Я иду́ в кино́. (I’m going to the cinema.)
Куда́ она́ е́дет? (Where is she going?)
- Она́ е́дет в Москву́. (She’s going to Moscow.)
Preposition НА + accusative: on, to, at
- Он кладёт кни́гу на стол. (He puts the book on the table.)
- Она́ е́дет на рабо́ту. (She’s going to work.)
- Мы идём на конце́рт. (We’re going to a concert.)
Preposition ЧЕ́РЕЗ + accusative: through, across
- Мы идём че́рез парк. (We’re walking through the park.)
3. Expressing the day of the week
To indicate that a specific action takes place on a specific day of the week, we use В + accusative:
- Я иду́ в теа́тр в понеде́льник. (I’m going to the theater on Monday.)
- Она́ рабо́тает в суббо́ту. (She works on Saturday.)
Accusative endings: summary table
| Gender | Type | Nominative | Accusative | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Inanimate hard | стол | стол | Я ви́жу стол |
| Masculine | Inanimate soft | музе́й | музе́й | Он посеща́ет музе́й |
| Masculine | Animate hard | студе́нт | студе́нта | Я зна́ю студе́нта |
| Masculine | Animate soft (й) | учи́тель | учи́теля | Мы лю́бим учи́теля |
| Feminine | -а | кни́га | кни́гу | Я чита́ю кни́гу |
| Feminine | -я | неде́ля | неде́лю | Она́ лю́бит неде́лю |
| Feminine | -ь | дверь | дверь | Он откры́л дверь |
| Neuter | -о | окно́ | окно́ | Мы ви́дим окно́ |
| Neuter | -е | мо́ре | мо́ре | Они́ лю́бят мо́ре |
| Neuter | -ие | зда́ние | зда́ние | Я ви́жу зда́ние |
Important rule: After guttural consonants (г, к, х), hushing consonants (ж, ш, ч, щ) and the hissing consonant ц, we always write -а and never -я.
Adjective agreement in the accusative
Adjectives must agree with the nouns they qualify. And as with nouns, the animate/inanimate distinction is crucial!
1. Adjectives qualifying INANIMATE masculine nouns
Good news: adjectives keep the nominative endings (-ый, -ой, -ий):
- но́вый стол → но́вый стол (the new table)
- большо́й дом → большо́й дом (the big house)
- си́ний каранда́ш → си́ний каранда́ш (the blue pencil)
- после́дний музе́й → после́дний музе́й (the last museum)
Example in context:
- Я иду́ в но́вый теа́тр. (I’m going to the new theater.)
- Мы идём че́рез большо́й парк. (We’re walking through a big park.)
2. Adjectives qualifying ANIMATE masculine nouns
Here, the adjectives change! They take the endings -ого or -его.
Hard stem adjectives: -ого (pronounced “-ovo”)
- но́вый студе́нт → но́вого студе́нта (the new student)
- молодо́й челове́к → молодо́го челове́ка (the young man)
- ру́сский учи́тель → ру́сского учи́теля (the Russian teacher)
Special rule after ж, ч, ш, щ, ц
After these hushing and hissing consonants, if the stress is not on the ending, we write -его (and not -ого):
- хоро́ший друг → хоро́шего дру́га (a good friend)
Soft stem adjectives: -его (pronounced “-evo”)
- си́ний кит → си́него кита́ (the blue whale)
- после́дний студе́нт → после́днего студе́нта (the last student)
- ве́черний по́езд → ве́черний по́езд (the evening train - inanimate, so no change)
3. Adjectives qualifying FEMININE nouns
Feminine adjectives ALWAYS take the ending -ую or -юю:
Hard stem: -ую
- но́вая кни́га → но́вую кни́гу (the new book)
- краси́вая де́вушка → краси́вую де́вушку (the beautiful girl)
- ста́рая шко́ла → ста́рую шко́лу (the old school)
Soft stem: -юю
- си́няя ру́чка → си́нюю ру́чку (the blue pen)
- ве́черняя газе́та → ве́чернюю газе́ту (the evening newspaper)
Examples in context:
- Я чита́ю интере́сную кни́гу. (I’m reading an interesting book.)
- Он ви́дит ста́ршую сестру́. (He sees his older sister.)
- Мы слу́шаем кла́ссическую му́зыку. (We listen to classical music.)
- Она́ е́дет на интере́сную вы́ставку. (She’s going to an interesting exhibition.)
4. Adjectives qualifying NEUTER nouns
Like neuter nouns, neuter adjectives don’t change in the accusative:
- краси́вое дере́во → краси́вое дере́во (the beautiful tree)
- большо́е окно́ → большо́е окно́ (the big window)
- ста́рое зда́ние → ста́рое зда́ние (the old building)
Example:
- Он смо́трит на краси́вое дере́во. (He looks at the beautiful tree.)
Possessive adjectives in the accusative
Possessive adjectives follow the same rules as qualifying adjectives:
With мой, твой, наш, ваш (my, your, our, your)
Inanimate masculine: no change
- мой стол → мой стол (my table)
- твой дом → твой дом (your house)
- наш парк → наш парк (our park)
Animate masculine: ending -его
- мой друг → моего́ дру́га (my friend)
- твой брат → твоего́ бра́та (your brother)
- наш учи́тель → на́шего учи́теля (our teacher)
Feminine: ending -ую
- моя́ кни́га → мою́ кни́гу (my book)
- твоя́ сестра́ → твою́ сестру́ (your sister)
- на́ша шко́ла → на́шу шко́лу (our school)
Neuter: no change
- моё окно́ → моё окно́ (my window)
- твоё де́ло → твоё де́ло (your business)
- на́ше ме́сто → на́ше ме́сто (our place)
With его́, её, их (his/her, their) - INVARIABLE
These three possessives NEVER change, whatever the situation:
- его́ друг → его́ дру́га (his friend)
- его́ маши́на → его́ маши́ну (his car)
- её брат → её бра́та (her brother)
- её кни́га → её кни́гу (her book)
- их сын → их сы́на (their son)
- их ко́мната → их ко́мнату (their room)
Demonstrative adjectives in the accusative
With э́тот, э́та, э́то (this, that)
Inanimate masculine: э́тот (no change)
- э́тот теа́тр → э́тот теа́тр (this theater)
Animate masculine: э́того
- э́тот студе́нт → э́того студе́нта (this student)
Feminine: э́ту
- э́та карти́на → э́ту карти́ну (this painting)
Neuter: э́то (no change)
- э́то окно́ → э́то окно́ (this window)
Summary: adjective agreement
Qualifying adjectives
- Inanimate masculine: -ый/-ой/-ий (no change)
- Animate masculine: -ого/-его
- Feminine: -ую/-юю
- Neuter: -ое/-ее (no change)
Possessive adjectives (мой, твой, наш, ваш)
- Inanimate masculine: мой/твой/наш/ваш (no change)
- Animate masculine: моего́/твоего́/на́шего/ва́шего
- Feminine: мою́/твою́/на́шу/ва́шу
- Neuter: моё/твоё/на́ше/ва́ше (no change)
Demonstrative adjectives (э́тот, э́та, э́то)
- Inanimate masculine: э́тот (no change)
- Animate masculine: э́того
- Feminine: э́ту
- Neuter: э́то (no change)
Tips for memorizing the accusative
1. The question: Кого́? vs Что?
To know if you should use the accusative, ask yourself these questions:
- Кого́? (Who?) for animate
- Что? (What?) for inanimate
If the answer corresponds to the direct object, it’s the accusative!
2. The movement test
If you use a verb of motion (идти́, е́хать, лете́ть, etc.) with куда́ (where), it’s the accusative:
- Куда́ ты идёшь? → Я иду́ в магази́н.
3. Inanimate masculines = easy!
Remember: for inanimate masculines and all neuters, accusative = nominative. No change to make!
4. The ending -у/-ю for feminines
It’s systematic: all feminines in -а/-я take -у/-ю in the accusative. This is one of the simplest rules in Russian!
Exercises
To properly assimilate the accusative, here are some sentences to translate:
- I see the new house.
- He knows the good teacher.
- We love classical music.
- She goes to the old theater.
- You watch an interesting film.
- I put the book on the table.
- They see the cat.
- You go to Moscow on Monday.
Answers:
- Я ви́жу но́вый дом.
- Он зна́ет хоро́шего учи́теля.
- Мы лю́бим кла́ссическую му́зыку.
- Она́ идёт в ста́рый теа́тр.
- Вы смо́трите интере́сный фильм.
- Я кладу́ кни́гу на стол.
- Они́ ви́дят кота́.
- Ты е́дешь в Москву́ в понеде́льник.
Essential points to remember:
- ✅ Inanimate masculines and all neuters don’t change in the accusative
- ✅ Animate masculines take -а/-я
- ✅ Feminines take -у/-ю (animate or inanimate)
- ✅ Adjectives agree according to these same rules
- ✅ The accusative is used for direct objects, movement towards a place, and days of the week
Don’t forget: the key to mastering the accusative is regular practice. Read, write, speak Russian as often as possible, and these forms will soon become automatic.
This article is based on lessons 2 and 3 of the manual “Russian for Beginners Level A2” and offers a comprehensive pedagogical approach to the accusative singular, one of the six grammatical cases in Russian.
Once these rules are well assimilated, you can move on to the next step: Russian plural accusative, which will allow you to progress towards level B1.
This article is part of our complete series on Russian grammatical cases. Also check out our guides on the genitive case, the prepositional case, the dative case and the instrumental case for complete mastery of Russian cases.

