Accusative case singular in Russian: direct object and movement (A1-A2)


The accusative is undoubtedly one of the most fascinating cases in Russian. Why? Because it presents a unique feature: its form changes depending on whether the noun designates a living being or an inanimate object! This animate/inanimate distinction, which may seem strange at first, is actually one of the keys to mastering Russian grammar.

In this article, we will explore in depth the accusative singular, its uses, its endings and adjective agreement. With numerous concrete examples, you will quickly understand how to use this grammatical case.


A surprising rule: animate or inanimate?

First of all, you must understand the fundamental distinction that governs the accusative:

For INANIMATE nouns (objects, ideas, concepts)

Masculine: accusative = nominative (no change!)

  • домдом (the house)
  • столстол (the table)
  • музе́ймузе́й (the museum)

Neuter: accusative = nominative as well

  • окно́окно́ (the window)
  • мо́ремо́ре (the sea)
  • зда́ниезда́ние (the building)

For ANIMATE nouns (people, animals)

Masculine: the accusative takes a special ending or (these endings will be the same as in the genitive case):

  • студе́нтстуде́нта (the student)
  • врачврача́ (the doctor)
  • учи́тельучи́теля (the teacher)
  • коткота́ (the cat)
  • медве́дьмедве́дя (the bear)

For feminines (all are treated the same way)

Feminine nouns ALWAYS change in the accusative, whether they are animate or inanimate:

  • Ending

    • кни́гакни́гу (the book)
    • сестра́сестру́ (the sister)
    • шко́лашко́лу (the school)
  • Ending

    • неде́лянеде́лю (the week)
    • исто́рияисто́рию (history)
  • Ending (no change)

    • дверьдверь (the door)

Cover of the book Russian for Beginners Level A2 - Philippe de Foy
Russian for Beginners A2

Uses of the accusative: when to use it?

1. Direct object

This is the main use of the accusative. When someone does something to someone or something, we use the accusative.

Examples with objects (inanimate):

  • Что вы ви́дите? (What do you see?)
  • Мы ви́дим дом. (We see a house.)
  • Я чита́ю кни́гу. (I read a book.)
  • Мы лю́бим му́зыку. (We love music.)

Examples with people or animals (animate):

  • Кого́ ты зна́ешь? (Who do you know?)
  • Я зна́ю сосе́да. (I know the neighbor.)
  • Он ви́дит студе́нта здесь. (He sees the student here.)
  • Она́ ви́дит кота́. (She sees the cat.)

Special focus: the verb смо́треть (to watch)

This verb deserves special attention because it works in two ways:

Directly + accusative for shows, films, sports:

  • Я смотрю́ фильм. (I watch a film.)
  • Мы смо́трим спекта́кль. (We watch a performance.)
  • Они́ смо́трят бале́т. (They watch ballet.)
  • Ты смо́тришь футбо́л. (You watch football.)

With на + accusative to look towards something or someone:

  • Смотри́ на меня́! (Look at me!)
  • Я смотрю́ на у́лицу. (I look at the street.)
  • Он смо́трит на часы́. (He looks at his watch.)

2. Movement towards a place

The accusative is used with verbs of motion and certain prepositions to indicate destination or direction.

Preposition В + accusative: in, towards the interior

Куда́ ты идёшь? (Where are you going?)

Possible answers:

  • Я иду́ в теа́тр. (I’m going to the theater.)
  • Я иду́ в шко́лу. (I’m going to school.)
  • Я иду́ в кино́. (I’m going to the cinema.)

Куда́ она́ е́дет? (Where is she going?)

  • Она́ е́дет в Москву́. (She’s going to Moscow.)

Preposition НА + accusative: on, to, at

  • Он кладёт кни́гу на стол. (He puts the book on the table.)
  • Она́ е́дет на рабо́ту. (She’s going to work.)
  • Мы идём на конце́рт. (We’re going to a concert.)

Preposition ЧЕ́РЕЗ + accusative: through, across

  • Мы идём че́рез парк. (We’re walking through the park.)

3. Expressing the day of the week

To indicate that a specific action takes place on a specific day of the week, we use В + accusative:

  • Я иду́ в теа́тр в понеде́льник. (I’m going to the theater on Monday.)
  • Она́ рабо́тает в суббо́ту. (She works on Saturday.)

Accusative endings: summary table

GenderTypeNominativeAccusativeExample
MasculineInanimate hardстолстолЯ ви́жу стол
MasculineInanimate softмузе́ймузе́йОн посеща́ет музе́й
MasculineAnimate hardстуде́нтстуде́нтаЯ зна́ю студе́нта
MasculineAnimate soft (й)учи́тельучи́теляМы лю́бим учи́теля
Feminineкни́гакни́гуЯ чита́ю кни́гу
Feminineнеде́лянеде́люОна́ лю́бит неде́лю
FeminineдверьдверьОн откры́л дверь
Neuterокно́окно́Мы ви́дим окно́
Neuterмо́ремо́реОни́ лю́бят мо́ре
Neuter-иезда́ниезда́ниеЯ ви́жу зда́ние

Important rule: After guttural consonants (г, к, х), hushing consonants (ж, ш, ч, щ) and the hissing consonant ц, we always write and never .


Adjective agreement in the accusative

Adjectives must agree with the nouns they qualify. And as with nouns, the animate/inanimate distinction is crucial!

1. Adjectives qualifying INANIMATE masculine nouns

Good news: adjectives keep the nominative endings (-ый, -ой, -ий):

  • но́вый столно́вый стол (the new table)
  • большо́й домбольшо́й дом (the big house)
  • си́ний каранда́шси́ний каранда́ш (the blue pencil)
  • после́дний музе́йпосле́дний музе́й (the last museum)

Example in context:

  • Я иду́ в но́вый теа́тр. (I’m going to the new theater.)
  • Мы идём че́рез большо́й парк. (We’re walking through a big park.)

2. Adjectives qualifying ANIMATE masculine nouns

Here, the adjectives change! They take the endings -ого or -его.

Hard stem adjectives: -ого (pronounced “-ovo”)

  • но́вый студе́нтно́вого студе́нта (the new student)
  • молодо́й челове́кмолодо́го челове́ка (the young man)
  • ру́сский учи́тельру́сского учи́теля (the Russian teacher)

Special rule after ж, ч, ш, щ, ц

After these hushing and hissing consonants, if the stress is not on the ending, we write -его (and not -ого):

  • хоро́ший другхоро́шего дру́га (a good friend)

Soft stem adjectives: -его (pronounced “-evo”)

  • си́ний китси́него кита́ (the blue whale)
  • после́дний студе́нтпосле́днего студе́нта (the last student)
  • ве́черний по́ездве́черний по́езд (the evening train - inanimate, so no change)

3. Adjectives qualifying FEMININE nouns

Feminine adjectives ALWAYS take the ending -ую or -юю:

Hard stem: -ую

  • но́вая кни́гано́вую кни́гу (the new book)
  • краси́вая де́вушкакраси́вую де́вушку (the beautiful girl)
  • ста́рая шко́ласта́рую шко́лу (the old school)

Soft stem: -юю

  • си́няя ру́чкаси́нюю ру́чку (the blue pen)
  • ве́черняя газе́таве́чернюю газе́ту (the evening newspaper)

Examples in context:

  • Я чита́ю интере́сную кни́гу. (I’m reading an interesting book.)
  • Он ви́дит ста́ршую сестру́. (He sees his older sister.)
  • Мы слу́шаем кла́ссическую му́зыку. (We listen to classical music.)
  • Она́ е́дет на интере́сную вы́ставку. (She’s going to an interesting exhibition.)

4. Adjectives qualifying NEUTER nouns

Like neuter nouns, neuter adjectives don’t change in the accusative:

  • краси́вое дере́вокраси́вое дере́во (the beautiful tree)
  • большо́е окно́большо́е окно́ (the big window)
  • ста́рое зда́ниеста́рое зда́ние (the old building)

Example:

  • Он смо́трит на краси́вое дере́во. (He looks at the beautiful tree.)

Possessive adjectives in the accusative

Possessive adjectives follow the same rules as qualifying adjectives:

With мой, твой, наш, ваш (my, your, our, your)

Inanimate masculine: no change

  • мой столмой стол (my table)
  • твой домтвой дом (your house)
  • наш паркнаш парк (our park)

Animate masculine: ending -его

  • мой другмоего́ дру́га (my friend)
  • твой браттвоего́ бра́та (your brother)
  • наш учи́тельна́шего учи́теля (our teacher)

Feminine: ending -ую

  • моя́ кни́гамою́ кни́гу (my book)
  • твоя́ сестра́твою́ сестру́ (your sister)
  • на́ша шко́лана́шу шко́лу (our school)

Neuter: no change

  • моё окно́моё окно́ (my window)
  • твоё де́лотвоё де́ло (your business)
  • на́ше ме́стона́ше ме́сто (our place)

With его́, её, их (his/her, their) - INVARIABLE

These three possessives NEVER change, whatever the situation:

  • его́ другего́ дру́га (his friend)
  • его́ маши́наего́ маши́ну (his car)
  • её братеё бра́та (her brother)
  • её кни́гаеё кни́гу (her book)
  • их сыних сы́на (their son)
  • их ко́мнатаих ко́мнату (their room)

Demonstrative adjectives in the accusative

With э́тот, э́та, э́то (this, that)

Inanimate masculine: э́тот (no change)

  • э́тот теа́трэ́тот теа́тр (this theater)

Animate masculine: э́того

  • э́тот студе́нтэ́того студе́нта (this student)

Feminine: э́ту

  • э́та карти́наэ́ту карти́ну (this painting)

Neuter: э́то (no change)

  • э́то окно́э́то окно́ (this window)

Summary: adjective agreement

Qualifying adjectives

  • Inanimate masculine: -ый/-ой/-ий (no change)
  • Animate masculine: -ого/-его
  • Feminine: -ую/-юю
  • Neuter: -ое/-ее (no change)

Possessive adjectives (мой, твой, наш, ваш)

  • Inanimate masculine: мой/твой/наш/ваш (no change)
  • Animate masculine: моего́/твоего́/на́шего/ва́шего
  • Feminine: мою́/твою́/на́шу/ва́шу
  • Neuter: моё/твоё/на́ше/ва́ше (no change)

Demonstrative adjectives (э́тот, э́та, э́то)

  • Inanimate masculine: э́тот (no change)
  • Animate masculine: э́того
  • Feminine: э́ту
  • Neuter: э́то (no change)

Tips for memorizing the accusative

1. The question: Кого́? vs Что?

To know if you should use the accusative, ask yourself these questions:

  • Кого́? (Who?) for animate
  • Что? (What?) for inanimate

If the answer corresponds to the direct object, it’s the accusative!

2. The movement test

If you use a verb of motion (идти́, е́хать, лете́ть, etc.) with куда́ (where), it’s the accusative:

  • Куда́ ты идёшь?Я иду́ в магази́н.

3. Inanimate masculines = easy!

Remember: for inanimate masculines and all neuters, accusative = nominative. No change to make!

4. The ending -у/-ю for feminines

It’s systematic: all feminines in -а/-я take -у/-ю in the accusative. This is one of the simplest rules in Russian!


Exercises

To properly assimilate the accusative, here are some sentences to translate:

  1. I see the new house.
  2. He knows the good teacher.
  3. We love classical music.
  4. She goes to the old theater.
  5. You watch an interesting film.
  6. I put the book on the table.
  7. They see the cat.
  8. You go to Moscow on Monday.

Answers:

  1. Я ви́жу но́вый дом.
  2. Он зна́ет хоро́шего учи́теля.
  3. Мы лю́бим кла́ссическую му́зыку.
  4. Она́ идёт в ста́рый теа́тр.
  5. Вы смо́трите интере́сный фильм.
  6. Я кладу́ кни́гу на стол.
  7. Они́ ви́дят кота́.
  8. Ты е́дешь в Москву́ в понеде́льник.

Essential points to remember:

  • ✅ Inanimate masculines and all neuters don’t change in the accusative
  • ✅ Animate masculines take -а/-я
  • ✅ Feminines take -у/-ю (animate or inanimate)
  • ✅ Adjectives agree according to these same rules
  • ✅ The accusative is used for direct objects, movement towards a place, and days of the week

Don’t forget: the key to mastering the accusative is regular practice. Read, write, speak Russian as often as possible, and these forms will soon become automatic.

This article is based on lessons 2 and 3 of the manual “Russian for Beginners Level A2” and offers a comprehensive pedagogical approach to the accusative singular, one of the six grammatical cases in Russian.

Once these rules are well assimilated, you can move on to the next step: Russian plural accusative, which will allow you to progress towards level B1.

Cover of the book Russian for Beginners Level A1 - Philippe de Foy
Russian for Beginners A1
Cover of the book Russian for Beginners Level A2 - Philippe de Foy
Russian for Beginners A2

This article is part of our complete series on Russian grammatical cases. Also check out our guides on the genitive case, the prepositional case, the dative case and the instrumental case for complete mastery of Russian cases.