Russian possessive pronouns: мой, твой, наш, ваш, свой — complete guide (A2)


Russian possessive pronouns are one of those grammar points you encounter in the very first lessons — and keep refining long after. My, your, his, her, our, their: in English, these words never change form regardless of what noun they modify. In Russian, it works completely differently: possessives agree in gender, number, and case. In other words, they decline.

This guide covers all Russian possessives: the variable ones (мой, твой, наш, ваш), the invariable ones (его́, её, их), and the special case of свой — the reflexive possessive that English speakers typically encounter with some surprise.


Two families of possessives

In Russian, you need to distinguish two groups right from the start.

Variable possessives agree with the noun they modify and decline in all cases:

  • мой / моя́ / моё / мои́ (my)
  • твой / твоя́ / твоё / твои́ (your — singular informal)
  • наш / на́ша / на́ше / на́ши (our)
  • ваш / ва́ша / ва́ше / ва́ши (your — plural or formal)
  • свой / своя́ / своё / свои́ (one’s own — see below)

Invariable possessives never change, regardless of the noun’s form:

  • его́ (his)
  • её (her)
  • их (their)

This distinction is fundamental. Keep it in mind, because it shapes everything else.


Variable possessives in the nominative case

Let’s start with the basic forms — those used when the possessive is in the nominative case.

Мой and твой

These two possessives work in exactly the same way. They agree with the gender and number of the noun possessed (not with the gender of the possessor).

MasculineNeuterFemininePlural
моймоймоёмоя́мои́
твойтвойтвоётвоя́твои́

Examples:

  • Мой брат рабо́тает врачо́м. (My brother is a doctor.)
  • Моя́ сестра́ живёт в Пари́же. (My sister lives in Paris.)
  • Моё пальто́ ста́рое. (My coat is old.)
  • Мои́ друзья́ о́чень весёлые. (My friends are very cheerful.)

Наш and ваш

Same logic for the plural and formal possessives.

MasculineNeuterFemininePlural
нашнашна́шена́шана́ши
вашвашва́шева́шава́ши

Examples:

  • Наш учи́тель о́чень хоро́ший. (Our teacher is very good.)
  • На́ша кварти́ра небольша́я, но ую́тная. (Our apartment is small but cozy.)
  • Ваш вопро́с о́чень интере́сный. (Your question is very interesting.)
  • Ва́ши де́ти хорошо́ говоря́т по-ру́сски. (Your children speak Russian well.)

Invariable possessives: его́, её, их

Here is a point where Russian is actually simpler than English. The third-person possessives never change. No matter the gender of the noun they accompany, no matter the case, the form stays identical.

  • Это его́ дом. (That’s his house.)
  • Это его́ маши́на. (That’s his car.)
  • Это его́ пальто́. (That’s his coat.)
  • Это её кни́га. (That’s her book.)
  • Это их дочь. (That’s their daughter.)

You never add any ending to его́, её, or их.


Declension of variable possessives

Since мой, твой, наш, ваш (and свой) all decline, here are their complete tables. Мой serves as the model — твой declines in exactly the same way, and so does свой.

Мой / твой / свой

CaseMasculineNeuterFemininePlural
Nominativeмоймоёмоя́мои́
Accusative (inanimate)моймоёмою́мои́
Accusative (animate)моего́моёмою́мои́х
Genitiveмоего́моего́мое́ймои́х
Dativeмоему́моему́мое́ймои́м
Instrumentalмои́ммои́ммое́ймои́ми
Prepositionalмоёммоёммое́ймои́х

For твой, simply replace мо- with тво-: твоего́, твоему́, твои́м, etc. For свой, replace мо- with сво-: своего́, своему́, свои́м, etc.

Some examples in context:

  • Где твой брат? (Where is your brother?) [nominative masculine]
  • Он взял мою́ кни́гу. (He took my book.) [accusative feminine]
  • Э́то дом твоего́ дру́га. (That’s your friend’s house.) [genitive masculine]
  • Она́ написа́ла мое́й сестре́. (She wrote to my sister.) [dative feminine]
  • Он уе́хал на твое́й маши́не. (He left in your car.) [instrumental feminine]
  • Она́ ду́мает о своём бу́дущем. (She is thinking about her future.) [prepositional masculine]

Наш / ваш

CaseMasculineNeuterFemininePlural
Nominativeнашна́шена́шана́ши
Accusative (inanimate)нашна́шена́шуна́ши
Accusative (animate)на́шегона́шена́шуна́ших
Genitiveна́шегона́шегона́шейна́ших
Dativeна́шемуна́шемуна́шейна́шим
Instrumentalна́шимна́шимна́шейна́шими
Prepositionalна́шемна́шемна́шейна́ших

For ваш, same thing: replace на́- with ва́- throughout.


Свой: the reflexive possessive

Свой is probably the possessive that surprises English speakers most. In English, you say “my, your, his, her” regardless of whether the possessor is the subject of the sentence or not — there is no separate form for self-reference. Russian has one: свой. Its role is to signal that the possessed object belongs to the subject of the sentence itself.

When to use свой

The basic rule is simple: when the possessor and the grammatical subject are the same person, use свой instead of мой, твой, наш, or ваш.

  • Я люблю́ свою́ рабо́ту. (I love my work.) not мою́
  • Ты взял свой паспо́рт? (Did you take your passport?) not твой
  • Мы прода́ём свой дом. (We’re selling our house.) not наш
  • Вы забыли свой зонт! (You forgot your umbrella!) not ваш

Is saying «Я люблю́ мою́ рабо́ту» wrong? Not exactly. But it sounds unnatural — almost emphatic, as if you’re insisting it’s specifically yours and not someone else’s. In everyday speech, свой is used almost systematically.

Declension of свой

CaseMasculineNeuterFemininePlural
Nominativeсвойсвоёсвоя́свои́
Accusative (inanimate)свойсвоёсвою́свои́
Accusative (animate)своего́своёсвою́свои́х
Genitiveсвоего́своего́свое́йсвои́х
Dativeсвоему́своему́свое́йсвои́м
Instrumentalсвои́мсвои́мсвое́йсвои́ми
Prepositionalсвоёмсвоёмсвое́йсвои́х

Свой in the third person: the key distinction

It’s in the third person that свой becomes essential, because it resolves an ambiguity that его́/её/их simply cannot. In English, “he took his bag” is ambiguous — it might be his own bag or someone else’s. Russian makes this explicit.

With свой (the possessor is the subject of the sentence):

  • Ива́н берёт свою́ су́мку. (Ivan takes his own bag.)
  • Ма́ша лю́бит свою́ рабо́ту. (Masha loves her own work.)
  • Они́ прода́ют свой дом. (They’re selling their own house.)

With его́/её/их (the possessor is someone else):

  • Ива́н берёт его́ су́мку. (Ivan takes his bag — someone else’s bag.)
  • Ма́ша лю́бит её рабо́ту. (Masha loves her work — another woman’s work.)
  • Они́ прода́ют их дом. (They’re selling their house — someone else’s house.)

When you hear «Са́ша помога́ет своему́ бра́ту», you know immediately it’s Sasha’s own brother. With «Са́ша помога́ет его бра́ту», it’s somebody else’s brother. The ambiguity that exists in English simply doesn’t exist here.

Note: свой is never the subject

One important constraint: свой can never refer to the grammatical subject of the sentence. You cannot say «Свой дом большо́й» to mean “My house is big.” Свой must always modify a complement, never the subject itself.

Common expressions with свой

Свой appears in several fixed expressions you will encounter regularly:

  • По-своему́: in one’s own way. Ка́ждый де́лает э́то по-своему́. (Everyone does it in their own way.)
  • На свой страх и риск: at one’s own risk. Он реши́л де́йствовать на свой страх и риск. (He decided to act at his own risk.)
  • Своё де́ло: one’s own business or domain. Он зна́ет своё де́ло. (He knows his business.)

Summary table: nominative forms

PossessiveMasc.NeuterFem.PluralInvariable?
myмоймоёмоя́мои́no
your (sg. informal)твойтвоётвоя́твои́no
hisего́его́его́его́yes
herеёеёеёеёyes
ourнашна́шена́шана́шиno
your (pl./formal)вашва́шева́шава́шиno
theirихихихихyes
one’s ownсвойсвоёсвоя́свои́no

A final word on свой

Свой has an elegance to it: it gives Russian a precision that English lacks. When a Russian speaker says “he forgot his passport,” the choice between свой and его instantly tells you whose passport it was — no guesswork from context required.

To get comfortable with свой, build the habit of asking one question before choosing: is the possessor the same person as the grammatical subject? If yes, use свой.

This article corresponds to lesson 12 of our A2 manual. To go further with the declension of possessives by case, also check our guides on the genitive singular, the dative singular, and the prepositional case.

Cover of the book Russian for Beginners Level A2 - Philippe de Foy
Russian for Beginners A2